[2] Calculation based on the sum of Population aged 14 years or younger and Population aged 15-24 years from 2017 UIS data. Note: Precise, word-for-word English translations are required for all academic documents not issued in English (or in French if applying in Canada). A 2014 World Bank Policy Brief found that despite a doubling of the number of workers who have at least some tertiary education between 2000 and 2010, still only 8 percent of workers possessed a tertiary degree, far short of the 21 percent demanded by the labor market. While enrollments at Islamic institutions are surging, most HEIs in Indonesia are secular. Medical schools are university faculties, close to two-thirds of which are part of private universities. “If they want to learn about their religion, they can learn about it at home,” he said in an interview. Meanwhile, urbanization is accelerating rapidly, and internet penetration rates have increased by more than 20 percent between 2013 and 2016 alone. Many of these institutions' courses are taught in afternoons and evenings by faculty members from government universities who are well paid for their efforts. Education in Indonesia falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan or Kemdikbud) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kementerian Agama or Kemenag). Outbound mobility is also bound to be boosted by growing intraregional initiatives and scholarship programs designed to facilitate academic exchange and labor mobility, such as the ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework (AQRF) or the ASEAN International Mobility for Students (AIMS) program. “We noticed that almost all of them wore jilbab as uniform,” Ms. Supolo said, referring to what Indonesians call the Islamic head scarf. When it was completed in 1962 to host the Asian Games it’s original capacity was 120,800 people, which would have made it the second largest today. According to UIS data, the number of Indonesian degree-seeking students enrolled overseas has grown by nearly 62 percent since 1998, reaching a high of 47,317 in 2016. ^+^, “The rise of Islamic practices in public schools, mirroring a rise in fundamentalism across the country, makes parents like Ms. Indonesia’s cultural and regional diversity is as vast as the number of its islands. Among these is the State Muslim University (UIN)—formerly called the State Institute for Islamic Religion (IAIN)—which has been an important venue for progressive debates about Islam. Religion Is Diverse. Public expenditures have since grown drastically, nearly tripling since the early 2000s. Overall, Indonesia is the 31st-largest sending country of international students to Canada. Lies said. While institutions admit a number of top students directly based on their high school records (an admissions process called Seleksi Nasional Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri—SNMPTN), a more common pathway is the allocation of students to HEIs based on a centralized, joint entrance examination conducted under the purview of the MHRT—a process referred to as Seleksi Bersama Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri (SBMPTN). In Indonesia, education is identified as an effort planned for establishing an environment for studying and is a process of educating student to ensure that every student is able to develop their potential spiritual and religious level, personality, intelligence, consciousness, creativity and behavior for themselves and for other citizens actively. Alongside the requirement that all HEIs have mandatory internal quality assurance centers, external program accreditation by BAN-PT remains the main tool of quality assurance until today, even though the accreditation process has undergone various changes. The country spent 3.6 percent of its GDP on education in 2015, only marginally more than in 2008 when it spent 3.5 percent. Despite these difficulties, most institutions of higher education receive large numbers of applications; in state institutions, less than one in four applications was accepted in 2004; in private institutions, the acceptance rate was nearly two out of three. Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in Indonesia takes place both within the formal school system as well as informally in apprenticeships, other work-based training programs or training programs at governmental vocational and skills training centers (Balai Latihan Kerja, or BLK). Given the rapid modernization of the country, the need for trained professionals in Indonesia has grown tremendously in recent years. A compounding factor is that rising demand for quality higher education is presently not met by supply in Indonesia, and that current curricula are ill-suited for the labor market. Some schools also require Muslim students to recite verses from the Koran every morning before the lessons begin. However, overall education spending in Indonesia is still fairly low by regional standards. Also, increasing tuition costs in the U.S. and the recent depreciation of the Indonesian rupiah against the U.S. dollar make it more costly for Indonesians to study Stateside. Diploma programs are offered in vocational fields at a variety of institutions. Despite these marked differences, Indonesia is viewed as having a promising economic future; it’s bound to become a country of global importance in the 21st century. Although public education is mostly secular and Indonesia is formally a secular state, Islamic education is highly prominent in Indonesia’s large private education sector. Indonesia is the world's largest Muslim country. The national curriculum largely includes the same subjects as in elementary education, but also adds additional science classes in biology, chemistry, or physics; social science subjects like world history; and English. These schools teach the standard national curriculum in addition to religious studies. It is important for the government to support the growth of this group in all fronts. Only 7 percent of university faculty overall held a Ph.D. in the mid-2000s, although the proportion was greater (11 percent) in state institutions. Students who successfully complete the program receive a certificate of completion of senior secondary education (Ijazah SMA or Ijazah MA in the case of Islamic schools). Two terrorist attacks in Indonesia have been all over the news in the past two weeks. For some female activists like Ms. Higher education offered in 2,975 colleges, universities, and other tertiary institutions, with more than 4.2 million students. In order to enhance the teachers’ knowledge of other religions, the general competence aims for the other religions are cited in the introduction to the curricula for every religion. 245 million people live in Indonesia, and the majority are Muslims. Students may transfer from Diploma programs into academic Sarjana programs and at some institutions may be admitted into S2 Magister programs in related disciplines. [2] Consider that more than 40 percent of Indonesia’s population is under the age of 25, with approximately 27 percent under the age of 15; the median age is approximately 30.5 years. That’s a higher percentage than in poorer ASEAN countries like Cambodia and Myanmar, but significantly below levels in Thailand, Malaysia, or Vietnam, which spent 4.1 percent (2013), 4.8 percent (2016), and 5.65 percent (2013), respectively, of their GDPs on education. But they are not soldiers; they are educated professionals sent to remote corners of the archipelago to teach as volunteers in some of Indonesia's most impoverished schools. In 2015, the government also introduced a ranking system that classifies universities into four categories: platinum, gold, silver, and brown (the lowest category). “Jilbab has become part of uniform for female public school teachers whom we met.” This is alarming, she said: “If jilbab has become part of the uniform at public schools, then the function of public schools as a place to sow plurality to our children will disappear.” Retno Listyarti, secretary general of the Indonesian Teachers’ Union Federation, put the issue bluntly: “Public schools have become religious schools,” she said. There were 2,308 of these institutions throughout the archipelago in 2018, the majority of them smaller, specialized private schools. Overall, the e-learning market in Indonesia has grown by 25 percent between 2010 and 2015. Indonesia’s government revised the national school curriculum in 2013 to place greater emphasis on “moral character education” and creative thinking (Kurrikulum 2013). Prior to elementary education, children can attend non-compulsory preschools offered by private kindergartens and day care centers, as well as public early childhood education providers. While the adoption of distance learning in Indonesia is still modest, growing numbers of other HEIs have followed the example of the Open University and now offer distance learning programs—a development explicitly encouraged by the government in Jakarta. Lies and Mr. Tri Agus uneasy. Mass education became a major government priority for the next five decades. From the late 1970s through the l990s, private schools and universities increased in number and quality and served diverse students (including Chinese Indonesians who were not accepted at government universities). Private universities, polytechnics, and academies have different requirements and frequently conduct their own admissions examinations. This institution enrolls about 37,000 students per year. “Jilbab has become a symbol of Muslim girls, who are supposed to look different from non-Muslim girls.” Ms. Retno, the teachers’ union official, says nobody should be prohibited from wearing a head veil but no one should be forced or coerced to wear one either. Public spending on education as a percentage of government expenditure rose from 11.5 percent in 2001 to about 17 percent in 2010, according to the United Nations. During 1997–98, the financial crisis affected the poorest families the most, resulting in their selectively cutting back on their education expenditures. According to the MHRT, there were 573 universities in Indonesia as of 2018, more than 90 percent of them private. They typically require the completion of 144 to 150 credit units of course work and a thesis. Both general academic and vocational programs can also be completed at Islamic senior secondary schools, called madrasah Aliyah (MA), or in the case of vocational programs, madrasah aliyah kejuruan (MAK). Only about a third of students complete high school. A contemporary literature in Bahasa Indonesia has developed. By 2009 there were 2,975 institutions of higher education and more than 4.2 million students. Nearly 98 percent of students complete primary school according to United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) estimates in 2001. Indonesia, home to 264 million people (2017, World Bank), is the fourth most populous country in the world. Participation in upper-secondary education has grown briskly in general with the GER jumping from 69.5 percent to 80 percent between 2012 and 2017, according to UIS data. Credentials awarded include the Magister Sains, (Master of Science), Magister Teknik (Master of Technology), or Magister Humaniora (Master of Humanities), and so on. However, since the end of the Suharto regime and the subsequent democratization of Indonesia, various functions of government have been decentralized and transferred to locally elected district governments. Professional entry-to-practice qualifications in disciplines like architecture, medicine, dentistry, or veterinary medicine are usually earned by completing long undergraduate programs of five- or six-years duration. For example, Indonesian children who lack access to physical schools can complete junior high school in open “radio schools.” In higher education, distance education was pioneered by the public Indonesia Open University (Universitas Terbuka), which evolved from a small fringe university when it was founded in 1984 to a mega-university of more than 500,000 students today. Nearly 4,500 HEIs offer programs in 25,000 different majors and enroll close to eight million students (2017). It signed a free trade agreement with Australia that lays the groundwork for Australian universities like the University of Melbourne and the University of Queensland to establish branch campuses in Indonesia. Education in Indonesia is compulsory and provided free of charge at public schools from grades one to nine (six years of elementary education and three years of junior secondary education). The percentage of people who have access to electricity has jumped from 55 percent in 1993 to 98 percent in 2016. In fact, Indonesia … Modern education was introduced in Indonesia during the era of Dutch colonial rule, when traditional school systems like Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren) were supplemented with Dutch-language schools for the children of colonialists and local administrative elites, as well as village schools or “folk schools” for Indonesian commoners. Although he is a Muslim, he said he believed that religion belonged in the private sphere and should not be imposed. The government seeks to nurture “world-class universities,” and to incentivize HEIs to increase research output by rewarding top-rated institutions with special funding. These institutions teach a secular, general academic curriculum in addition to religious studies. Training in medical specialties takes another three to five years, depending on the specialty, and concludes with the award of a Spesialis diploma. As discussed in greater detail below, all HEIs are additionally mandated to seek accreditation by the National Accreditation Agency of Higher Education (BAN-PT). However, community academies can be privately owned as well, as long as they offer low-cost diploma programs in vocational fields of local relevance. Even public HEIs rely increasingly on tuition fees to secure resources—a trend that recently caused the Indonesian parliament to amend the education law in order to limit the percentage of tuition fees in public university budgets to 30 percent. As a result, Indonesia hosted only 5,878 international degree students in 2017 despite its size. Aside from expensive elite schools that teach foreign curricula, however, private schools that teach the national curriculum are mostly considered a substandard choice that is reflected in the performance gaps between public and private sector students. It’s estimated that 70 percent of the population will be working-age adults by 2030, a circumstance that will supply the nation with a beneficial demographic structure and a voluminous labor pool. These schools are required to incorporate parts of the national curriculum, namely Indonesian culture and language, while still teaching foreign curricula. It’s now mandatory for all HEIs to have their programs accredited. They presently graduate some 8,000 students annually. The fact that there are no UIS statistics available for China prevents comparative analysis, but according to Chinese government data, there were 14,000 Indonesians studying in China in 2018 (up from 10,957 in 2011). This discrepancy is even more pronounced in the case of smaller countries like Singapore and Brunei, which have sky-high outbound mobility ratios of 12.92 and 30.99 percent respectively. Introduces Flash animation interactive resource for the study of Indonesia in Arts, English and Studies of Society and the Environment, years 3-9. **, Indonesian institutions of higher education offer a wide range of programs. Just 200,000 out of 1.25 million Indonesian elementary school teachers held a university degree in 2006, while the majority of them had a senior secondary school diploma or a Diploma 2. Discussion about how to improve Indonesian higher education focuses on the issues of teacher salaries, laboratory and research facilities, and professors’ qualifications. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Some institutions may have an additional summer semester from June to August. A central goal of the national education system is not merely to impart secular wisdom about the world but also to instruct children in the principles of participation in the modern nation-state, its bureaucracies, and its moral and ideological foundations. If you do not have Flash 4 on your computer there should be warning and a link so that you can download it (test for Flash 4 below). The New Order regime made great efforts to expand educational opportunities while also influencing the curriculum, controlling student activities, and appointing pliant faculty members to administrative positions. Recent economic growth rates have been relatively low compared with growth rates before the 1997 Asian financial crisis, but GDP has nevertheless increased steadily by more than 5 percent for most of the past eight years. The Dutch limited education to an amount needed to fill positions in the civil service and society of the time. The pupil-to-teacher ratio has dropped from 20 to 1 to 16 to 1 in elementary education between 2004 and 2017, even though this ratio has remained flat if not decreased at higher levels of schooling (as per data from the UNESCO Institute of Statistics – UIS). In light of such bottlenecks and quality shortcomings, growing numbers of students from middle-income households will look overseas to obtain their degree. There may not be much incentive to obtain a tertiary degree—unemployment rates are highest among university-educated Indonesians. But while enrollments at private HEIs are swelling, many private institutions are small providers with 500 students or less, so that public institutions enroll around 37 percent of all tertiary students. There are some 40,000 species of flowering plants, including 5,000 species of orchids, as well as the monster flower (Rafflesia arnoldii [see Rafflesiaceae]), which is the world’s largest flower. Welcome to Go Indonesia! ^+^, “Some schools now hold a daily mass recital of the Koran before formal classes begin. This site has been developed for use by students in the classroom or at home during their middle years of schooling. In 2005 the central government launched a massive plan known in English as the School Operation Fund that pumped billions of rupiah directly into schools. Even though government subsidies finance approximately 80 to 90 percent of state-university budgets, universities have considerably more autonomy in curriculum and internal structure than primary and secondary schools. On February 2, 1950, in the wake of the war for independence, the government established a state university in Jakarta called Universiteit Indonesia. Many are larger multi-disciplinary institutions that offer a broad range of undergraduate and graduate programs. The Dutch established Nood Universiteit (Emergency University) in Jakarta in 1946, and the following year changed its name to Universiteit van Indonesië (UVI), or University of Indonesia. [Source: Library of Congress *]. In addition, there are Spesialis 2 programs for additional in-depth training in subspecialties. One challenge is that curricula and textbooks are designed nationally in Jakarta, but teachers are trained locally in the regions. *, Participants in Indonesia Mengajar, a programme funded by private corporations and run by prominent university educator Anies Baswedan, are given army survival training before being deployed. Requirements at most private institutions are typically less strenuous than at public HEIs. In Australia, the number of tertiary degree-seeking students as reported by the UIS has remained stable at around 10,000 over the past few years. Thailand, India, and China are other larger sending countries with 804, 674, and 431 students, respectively, in 2017, per the UIS. They are typically two years (four semesters) in length and involve 36 to 50 credit units, as well as the preparation of a thesis or completion of a graduation project. Together they enrolled approximately 11 percent of the total student population in 2013. Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world. Existing shortcomings are amplified by the rapid growth of the system and the mushrooming of low-quality private providers absorbing the surging demand. This new ranking system does not affect recognition status, but is designed to foster competition between institutions. For example, in the 1950s anyone completing a teacher-training program at the junior high school level could obtain a teacher’s certificate. Few universities offer doctoral programs. Lecturers often have other jobs outside the university to supplement their wages. They never fully recovered after the 9/11 terror attacks. Common quality problems include inadequate management structures, funding, facilities, and teaching materials, as well as lackluster research output. Despite being the world’s fourth-largest country in terms of population, Indonesia was only the 22nd-largest sender of international students worldwide in 2017, making up less than 1 percent of the more than 5 million students studying abroad that year. The best universities are mostly in Java. “Wearing a jilbab should be voluntary,” said Ms. Retno, who wears one.” ^+^. WITH roughly 55m students, 3m teachers and more than 236,000 schools in 500 districts, Indonesia has the world’s fourth-largest education system. The national medical curriculum includes an initial 3.5-year period of pre-clinical studies, followed by a two-year clinical phase and a mandatory one-year clinical internship after graduation. The curriculum comprises basic subjects like religious education, national philosophy and civics, Indonesian, mathematics, science, social science, arts, and physical education. Overall, there are 34 provinces which are further subdivided into thousands of districts, subdistricts, cities, and more than 75,000 villages. “I sent my children to public schools, so that they could learn universal values, have different kinds of friends and learn pluralist ideas,” Ms. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit. In 1950 there were 10 institutions of higher learning with a total of about 6,500 students. Admissions criteria at Indonesian HEIs vary by institution, but the minimum entry requirement is the senior secondary school certificate (Ijazah SMA, MA or SMK). In 2013, BAN-PT had an estimated backlog of 20 percent in accreditation decisions, causing the organization to adopt “emergency measures” to “give institutions temporary accreditation at “C” level (the pass level) without any accreditation process.” Among accredited programs, public institutions tend to achieve far better results: While 40.6 of accredited programs at public HEIs received a rating of “A” in 2013, only 6.4 percent of programs at private institutions did. SMK programs cover a general education core curriculum (including mathematics, Indonesian, English, natural sciences, social sciences, and so-called normative subjects like religious education and civics), as well as vocationally oriented subjects. Indonesia is presently the 19th-largest sending country of international students to the United States. Credentials awarded at this level may sometimes also be called Sarjana Sains Terapan (degree in applied science). But with the end of the New Order in 1998 and the beginning of the campaign to decentralize the national government, provincial and district-level administrators obtained increasing autonomy in determining the content of schooling, and Pancasila began to play a diminishing role in the curriculum. Under Suharto, history textbooks didn’t mention anything about the estimated half million people slaughter in 1965. Yenni Kwok wrote in the New York Times, “ Indonesia has consistently been among the worst performers in the Program for International Student Assessment — the triennial test given to 15- and 16-year-old students from 65 countries by the Organization for Economic Cooperation Development. Every student who belongs to any of the five recognized religions (Islam, Catholic Christianity, Protestant Christianity, Buddhism and Hinduism) is entitled to religious instruction in his or her religion (although a minimum number of students is required before instruction in a particular religion is provided). In 2013, Indonesia ranked last in a landmark education report that measured literacy, test results, graduation rates and other key benchmarks in 50 nations. C. May/Shostal Associates. However, these distinctions between private and public HEIs have since been abolished. The government provides only limited scholarship support for students wishing to attend private universities. This unfulfilled demand is likely to yield increases in tertiary enrollment rates in the long term, current unemployment rates among university graduates notwithstanding. >> Basic Data of Indonesia . •Boarding school model. As of now, Indonesia struggles to provide inclusive, high-quality education to its citizens. *, Some say Indonesia has one of the worst education systems in the world. According to a ranking of education systems and worker productivity in Asia by Hong Kong-based Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Indonesia was last out of 12 countries. It still has tremendous potential for further expansion, given that the country is already viewed as one of the world’s largest markets for mobile learning. The admissions rate in SNMPTN direct admissions stood at 19 percent in 2018. Angel Rabasa of Rand Corporation wrote: “In Indonesia, religious education in state-run schools is multi-religious. This process allowed top-rated private institutions to obtain “equal status” (disamakan) with public HEIs, while students in lesser-ranked programs were required to sit for an external state examination in order to graduate. It should be pointed out, however, that it only includes students enrolled in tertiary degree programs. Even though outbound student flows are presently small, demographic and socioeconomic factors suggest that Indonesia will play a major role in international education in the years to come. Public education budgets in Indonesia have long been neglected. Minimum quality criteria include adequate infrastructure, funding and management structures, research output, high-level faculty qualifications, and graduation rates. Since 2000, for example, courses in “Pancasila Morality” have been known as “Civic Education” and their intensity and propagandistic qualities much reduced. Years mandatory marginally more than 6.1 million 2010, public universities and 95 private universities dedicated vocational! With the MHRT receiving only 9 percent of youth were illiterate of concern about 30 percent professors... But usually take longer to complete and ample access to social protection…... 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